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1.
West Indian med. j ; 62(3): 171-176, Mar. 2013. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1045620

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and correlates of overweight and obesity among children six to ten years old in the NorthEast Health Region (NEHR) of Jamaica. METHODS: Weights and heights were measured in a representative sample of 5710 children between the ages of six and ten years in 34 schools between October 2008 and March 2009. Overweight and obesity were defined as body mass index (BMI) Zscore >1SD and >2SD, respectively based on the World Health Organization (WHO)endorsed age and genderspecific growth standards for children. Point prevalence estimates of overweight and obesity were calculated. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to estimate associations between overweight and obesity and age, gender and school location. RESULTS: Overweight and obesity prevalence among children six to ten years old in NEHR, Jamaica, was 10.6% and 7.1%, respectively. Overweight (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.18) and obesity (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.26) prevalence increased significantly with age. Overweight (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.27, 1.80) and obesity (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.67) prevalence was significantly higher among girls than boys. Children attending ruralpublic schools had less risk of being overweight (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.70) and obese (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.44) when compared with urbanpublic schools and private schools. Both overweight (OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.60, 2.78) and obesity (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.28) were significantly more common among children attending private schools. After adjusting for age and gender, the results still remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight/obesity prevalence among children six to ten years old in NEHR of Jamaica is 17.7% with older children and girls having higher rates. Children attending urbanpublic and private schools have higher prevalence than those attending rural schools. Appropriately targeted interventions are needed to combat this problem.


OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia y los correlatos de sobrepeso y obesidad entre niños de seis a diez años en la región noreste de atención a la salud (RNAS) de Jamaica. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Se midió el peso y la altura en una muestra representativa de 5710 niños en edades entre seis y diez años, en 34 escuelas, entre octubre de 2008 y marzo de 2009. El sobrepeso y la obesidad se definieron como el índice de masa corporal (IMC) de puntuación Z > 1SD y > 2SD, respectivamente, tomando como base las normas específicas de crecimiento por género y edad para los niños, aprobadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Se calcularon los estimados de prevalencia puntual del sobrepeso y la obesidad. Se utilizaron los cocientes de probabilidades relativas (OR) e intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%, a fin de determinar las asociaciones entre el sobrepeso y la obesidad por un lado, y la edad, el género y lugar de la escuela, por otro lado. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad entre los niños de seis a diez años en la RNAS, Jamaica, fue de 10.6% y 7.1%, respectivamente. La prevalencia del sobrepeso (OR = 1.11, IC de 95%: 1.04, 1.18) y de la obesidad (OR = 1.17, IC del 95%: 1.08, 1.26) aumentó significativamente con la edad. La prevalencia del sobrepeso (OR = 1.51, IC del 95%: 1.27, 1.80) y la obesidad (OR = 1,36, IC de 95%: 1.11, 1.67) fue significativamente mayor entre las hembras que entre los varones. Los niños que asistían a las escuelas públicas rurales tuvieron menos riesgo de tener sobrepeso (OR = 0.57, IC del 95%: 0.46, 0.70) y ser obesos (OR = 0.35, IC del 95%: 0.28, 0.44) en comparación con los de las escuelas urbanas públicas o privadas. Tanto el sobrepeso (OR = 2.11, IC del 95%: 1.60, 2.78) como la obesidad (OR = 1.68, IC del 95%: 1.24, 2.28) fueron significativamente más frecuentes entre los niños que asisten a escuelas privadas. Después de ajustar por edad y género, los resultados continuaban siendo todavía estadísticamente significativos. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia del sobrepeso/obesidad entre niños de seis a diez años en la RNAS en Jamaica es de 17.7%, correspondiendo las tasas más altas a las hembras, y a los niños o niñas de mayor edad. Los niños y niñas que asisten a escuelas urbanas públicas y privadas presentan una mayor prevalencia que los que asisten a escuelas rurales. Se necesitan intervenciones dirigidas adecuadamente a combatir este problema.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Obesity/epidemiology , Rural Population/statistics & numerical data , Thinness/epidemiology , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data , Body Mass Index , Odds Ratio , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Sex Distribution , Age Distribution , Overweight/epidemiology , Jamaica/epidemiology
2.
West Indian med. j ; 59(5): 486-493, Oct. 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-672663

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence of hypertension in people with and without prehypertension and determine the factors that predict progression to hypertension. METHODS: Data from a cohort of 25-74-year old residents of Spanish Town , Jamaica, were analysed. All participants completed a structured questionnaire and had blood pressure (BP), anthropometric measurements and venous blood sampling performed by trained personnel. Blood Pressure was classified using the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-7) criteria. RESULTS: 708 persons who had the required data and were not hypertensive at baseline were included in this analysis. Mean follow-up time was 4.1 years; 28.7% of prehypertensive participants developed hypertension compared to 6.2% of normotensiveparticipants. The unadjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR [95% CI]) for progression among prehypertensive compared to normotensive participants was 4.62[2.96, 7.43]. Among males, the rate of progression to hypertension was significantly higher for those 45-64 years old and those who were current smokers. Among females, progression was higher for age groups 25-44 years, 45-64 years, those who were overweight (BMI > 25), obese (BMI > 30) and current smokers. In multivariate models, prehypertension, female gender, overweight status and older age remained significantly associated with progression to hypertension among the combined prehypertensive and normotensive groups. IRR [95% CI] were: prehypertension, 3.45 [2.18-5.45]; female gender, 1.81 [1.12, 2.94]; overweight, 1.87 [1.15, 2.94]; age 45-64 years, 1.73 [1.08, 2.76]; age > 65 years 2.39 #91;1.31, 4.34]. CONCLUSIONS: Prehypertension is associated with a three-fold increase in the incidence of hypertension. Higher BMI, age and female gender also independently predict the development of hypertension.


OBJETIVOS: Calcular la tasa de incidencia de hipertensión en las personas con y sin prehipertensión y determinar los factores que predicen la progresión a la hipertensión. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron los datos de una cohorte de residentes de 25-74 años de edad, de Spanish Town, Jamaica. Todos los participantes llenaron una encuesta estructurada. Asimismo se les midió la presión arterial (PA), se les realizó mediciones antropométricas, y se les recogió muestras de sangre por parte de un personal técnico calificado. La presión arterial fue clasificada usando criterios del Séptimo Informe del Comité Conjunto Nacional para la Prevención, Detección, Evaluación y Tratamiento de la Presión Arterial Alta (JNC-7). RESULTADOS: 708 personas que tenían los datos requeridos y no eran hipertensas según los datos de base, fueron incluidas en este análisis. El tiempo promedio de seguimiento fue de 4.1 años; 28.7% de los participantes prehipertensos desarrollaron hipertensión en comparación con 6.2% de participantes normotensos. La razón de tasas de incidencia sin ajustar (RTI [95% CI]) para la progresión entre prehipertensos en comparación con los participantes normotensos fue 4.62 [2.96, 7.43]. Entre los varones, la tasa de progresión a la hipertensión fue significativamente más alta para los de 45-64 años y los fumadores. Entre las hembras, la progresión fue más alta para los grupos etarios de 25-44 años, y 45-64 años, los que tenían sobrepeso (IMC = 25), los obesos (IMC = 30) y los fumadores. En los modelos multivariantes, la prehipertensión, el género femenino, la condición de sobrepeso, y un mayor número de años de edad, permanecieron significativamente asociados con la progresión a la hipertensión entre los grupos combinados de prehipertensos y normotensos. Las RTI [95% CI] fueron: la prehipertensión, 3.45 [2.18-5.45]; el género femenino, 1.81 [1.12,2.94]; el sobrepeso, 1.87 [1.15,2.94]; la edad 45-64 años, 1.73[1.08,2.76]; la edad > 65 años 2.39 [1.31,4.34]. CONCLUSIONES: La prehipertensión se halla asociada con un triple aumento de la incidencia de la hipertensión. El IMC más alto, la edad, y el género femenino predicen también independientemente el desarrollo de la hipertensión.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Hypertension/epidemiology , Prehypertension/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Disease Progression , Hypertension/physiopathology , Incidence , Jamaica/epidemiology , Prehypertension/physiopathology , Risk Factors
3.
West Indian med. j ; 59(3): 265-273, June 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-672616

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Jamaican adults and to evaluate its association with socio-economic status (SES). METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was performed using data from a cohort study of persons, 25-74 years old, living in St Catherine, Jamaica, and who were evaluated between 1993 and 2001. Participants completed an interviewer administered questionnaire and had blood pressure and anthropometric measurements performed by trained observers. Venous blood was collected for measurement of fasting glucose and lipids. The metabolic syndrome was defined using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and American Heart Association/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) criteria. Income and education were used as markers of SES. RESULTS: Data from 1870 participants (717 males 1153 females) were analysed. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 21.1% (95% CI 19.2, 22.9%) using IDF criteria and 18.4% (95% CI 16.6, 20.2%) using the AHA/NHLBI criteria. Prevalence was higher among females (27.6% [IDF], 23.0% [AHA]) compared to males (10.6% [IDF], 11.0% [AHA]). The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increased with age. Compared to males with primary/lower education, those with secondary and tertiary education had higher odds of having the metabolic syndrome after adjusting for age; odds ratio 3.12 (1.54, 6.34) and 2.61 (1.33, 5.11) respectively. High income was also associated with increased odds of having the metabolic syndrome among males, OR = 6.0 (2.22, 16.19) adjusting for age-group. There were no significant associations among women. CONCLUSION: The metabolic syndrome is common in Jamaica. Clinicians should look for this syndrome in their patients and take steps to treat the abnormalities identified.


OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en los adultos jamaicanos, y evaluar su asociación con el nivel socioeconómico (NSE). MÉTODOS: Se realizó un análisis transversal usando datos de un estudio de cohorte de personas de 25-74 años de edad en Saint Catherine, Jamaica, evaluadas entre 1993 y 2001. Los participantes respondieron una encuesta administrada por el entrevistador. Asimismo, les fueron hechas mediciones antropométricas y mediciones de la presión arteria, por observadores entrenados. Se tomaron muestras de sangre venosa para medir la glucosa en ayunas y los lípidos. El síndrome metabólico fue definido usando criterios de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes (FID) y la Asociación Americana del Corazón y el Instituto Nacional del Corazón, los Pulmones y la Sangre (AHA/NHLBI, en inglés). Los ingresos y la educación se usaron como marcadores del NSE. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron los datos de 1870 participantes (717 varones y 1153 hembras). La prevalencia del síndrome metabólico fue 21.1% (95% CI 19.2, 22.9%) usando criterios de la FID y 18.4% (95% CI 16.6, 20.2%) usando los criterios de AHA/NHLBI. La prevalencia fue mayor entre las hembras (27.6% [FID], 23.0% [AHA]) en comparación con los varones (10.6% [FID], 11.0% [AHA]). La prevalencia del síndrome metabólico aumentó con la edad. En comparación con los varones con educación primaria/inferior, aquéllos con educación secundaria y terciaria tenían mayor probabilidad de presentar el síndrome metabólico después del ajuste por edad; el cociente de probabilidades (odds ratio) fue 3.12 (1.54, 6.34) y 2.61 (1.33, 5.11) respectivamente. El ingreso alto estuvo también asociado con mayores probabilidades de síndrome metabólico entre los varones, OR = 6.0 (2.22, 16.19) con ajuste por grupo etario. No hubo asociaciones significativas entre las mujeres. CONCLUSIÓN: El síndrome metabólico es común en Jamaica. Los clínicos deben buscar este síndrome en sus pacientes y dar pasos a fin de tratar las anormalidades identificadas.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Educational Status , Income , Jamaica/epidemiology , Logistic Models , Prevalence , Socioeconomic Factors
4.
West Indian med. j ; 59(3): 295-299, June 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-672622

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare perinatal and social factors in students admitted to The University of the West Indies (UWI), Kingston, Jamaica, at age 18 years with those in the rest of the Jamaican Perinatal Cohort. METHODS: The Jamaican Perinatal Survey recorded demographic and perinatal details in 10 527 or 97% of births in Jamaica in September and October 1986. Eighteen years later, 140 of these were admitted to the UWI in Kingston, Jamaica. The perinatal features of these UWI students have been compared with the rest ofthe Perinatal Survey Cohort. RESULTS: Mothers of UWI students were older (p < 0.001), more likely to be married at the time of birth (p < 0.001), had earlier and more complete antenatal care (p < 0.05) and greater educational achievement at time of pregnancy (p < 0.001). These mothers of UWI students were also more likely to have diabetes (p < 0.01), operative deliveries (p < 0.01) and to attend private hospitals (p < 0.01). The UWI students had fewer siblings by their mothers (p < 0.05), were less likely to be low birthweight babies (p = 0.035) and more likely to be full term (37-42 weeks) than lower gestational age (p = 0.005). Differences in Apgar scores did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The students of the University of the West Indies were more likely to come from smaller families with features indicative of a better quality of life. They were also of higher birthweight and tended to be full term. The lack of association of Apgar scores with educational attainment is noteworthy.


OBJETIVO: Comparar los factores perinatales y sociales en estudiantes aceptados para sus estudios en la Universidad de West Indies (UWI), Kingston, Jamaica, a la edad 18 años, con los del resto de la Cohorte Perinatal de Jamaica. . MÉTODO: El Estudio Perinatal de Jamaica registró los detalles demográficos y perinatales en el caso de 10 527 o 97% de nacimientos en Jamaica en septiembre y octubre de 1986. Dieciocho años después, 140 de ellos ingresaron a UWI en Kingston, Jamaica. Las características perinatales de estos estudiantes de UWI con el resto de la Cohorte del Estudio Perinatal. RESULTADOS: Las madres de los estudiantes de UWI eran de mayor edad (p < 0.001), presentaban una mayor probabilidad de estar casadas al momento del nacimiento (p < 0.001), tuvieron cuidados prenatales más completos y más tempranos (p < 0.05), así como mayores logros en su educación al momento del embarazo (p < 0.001). Estas madres de estudiantes de UWI presentaban también una probabilidad mayor de diabetes (p < 0.01), partos operativos (p < 0.01) y asistencia a hospitales privados (p < 0.01). Los estudiantes de UWI tenían menos hermanos y hermanas por parte de sus madres (p < 0.05), tenían una menor probabilidad de ser bebés de bajo peso al nacer (p = 0.035) y una mayor probabilidad de ser bebés de término completo (37-42 semanas) que tener una edad gestacional menor (p = 0.005). Las diferencias en puntuación de Apgar no alcanzaron a tener importancia estadística. CONCLUSIONES: Los estudiantes de la Universidad de West Indies, presentaban una mayor probabilidad de provenir de familias más pequeñas con rasgos que indicaban una mayor calidad de vida. También poseían mayor peso al nacer y tendencia a término completo. La falta de correspondencia entre la puntuación de Apgar con los logros educacionales, fue cuestión de interés.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Educational Status , Students/statistics & numerical data , Apgar Score , Birth Weight , Cohort Studies , Jamaica , Socioeconomic Factors , Universities
5.
West Indian med. j ; 58(3): 261-264, June 2009. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-672481

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To examine the pattern of stroke subtypes found on Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI), Kingston, Jamaica. METHOD: A retrospective review was conducted for all patients diagnosed with stroke and who were subjected to CT or MRI evaluation at UHWI between January 2001 and December 2004. Data were collected for patient age and gender and type of stroke. RESULTS: Four hundred and thirty-three patients were identified and classified as having cerebral infarct, intra-parenchymal haemorrhage or subarachnoid haemorrhage. There were 414 patients who had CT scans and 19 had MRI scans. Within and across genders, over 80% suffered infarcts with no significant statistical difference between male and female patients. Subarachnoid haemorrhage was the least frequent subtype and occurred in younger patients. CONCLUSION: The pattern of stroke subtypes seen in this population was similar to that of Australian and European cohorts of patients but differed from that reported in Asians. Ischaemic infarct was the most frequent stroke subtype followed by intra- parenchymal haemorrhage and subarachnoid haemorrhage. There was no gender predilection for any specific type of stroke.


OBJETIVO: Examinar el patrón de los subtipos de accidente cerebrovascular encontrados en las imágenes de TAC y MRI en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies (HUWI), Kingston, Jamaica. MÉTODO: Se realizó un examen retrospectivo de todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de accidente cerebrovascular, sometidos a evaluación mediante TAC o MRI, entre enero 2001 y diciembre 2004. Los datos fueron recogidos teniendo en cuenta la edad y el género del paciente, así como el tipo de accidente. RESULTADOS: Cuatrocientos treinta y tres (433) pacientes fueron identificados y clasificados como pacientes con un infarto cerebral, hemorragia intraparenquimal o hemorragia subaracnoidea (HSA). Hubo 414 pacientes examinados con TAC y 19 con MRI. Dentro de ellos, ambos géneros incluidos, más del 80% sufrió infartos sin que hubiese diferencias estadísticas significativas entre hombres y mujeres. La hemorragia subaracnoidea fue el tipo menos frecuente, y se produjo en pacientes jóvenes. CONCLUSIÓN: El patrón de subtipos de accidente cerebrovascular en esta población fue similar al de cohortes de pacientes australianos y europeos, pero diferente al reportado para los asiáticos. El infarto isquémico fue el subtipo de accidente cerebrovascular más frecuente, seguido por la hemorragia intraparenquimal y la hemorragia subaracnoidea. No hubo preferencia de géneros en relación con ninguno de los tipos específicos de accidente cerebrovascular.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Cerebral Hemorrhage/diagnosis , Cerebral Infarction/diagnosis , Stroke/classification , Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/diagnosis , Age Distribution , Cerebral Hemorrhage/epidemiology , Cerebral Infarction/epidemiology , Confidence Intervals , Jamaica/epidemiology , Logistic Models , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Multivariate Analysis , Odds Ratio , Retrospective Studies , Sex Distribution , Stroke/epidemiology , Stroke/etiology , Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/epidemiology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
6.
West Indian med. j ; 53(6): 400-405, Dec. 2004.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-410094

ABSTRACT

The interference in the metabolism of a drug by another drug, food or other foreign chemical is commonly observed and often leads to clinically significant adverse drug reactions. In Jamaica, there is an extensive use of natural products as medicines, although there is little information on whether natural medicines are used along with prescription medicines, which might increase the likelihood of drug adversities. This current pilot survey was initiated to gain information on the prevalence of such polypharmacy practices. Two concurrent surveys were carried out in Kingston (an urban parish) and Clarendon (a rural parish) in 743 patients above age 14 years with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and gastrointestinal disorders of persons who visited health centres and pharmacies. Patrons visiting these places at various times of the day were informed of the nature of the questionnaire and willing participants with the above disease conditions and who were on prescription medicines were included in the survey. The results indicated that 80 of the respondents reported combining natural products in their treatment along with prescription medicines, with only 13 of those patients informing their physicians of such practices. Such polypharmacy practices were independent of the type of disease among both males and females and was statistically most prevalent (p < 0.001) in the 47-57-year age group. There was a significant association (p < 0.001) between such treatment practices and place of residence with 92 of the rural community engaging in polypharmacy but 70 of the urban did likewise. Therefore, being aware of the prevalence of multiple therapy practices would be especially useful when designing a pharmaco-vigilance system


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Self Medication , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Phytotherapy , Gastrointestinal Diseases/drug therapy , Hypertension/drug therapy , Herb-Drug Interactions , Polypharmacy , Drug Prescriptions/statistics & numerical data , Community Health Centers , Pharmacies , Age Factors , Phytotherapy/adverse effects , Health Care Surveys , Pilot Projects , Surveys and Questionnaires , Pharmacy Service, Hospital
7.
West Indian med. j ; 53(2): 89-94, Mar. 2004.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-410530

ABSTRACT

The world-wide epidemic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has led to an increase in the number of HIV positive children, mainly through perinatal transmission. HIV/AIDS can lead to severe childhood malnutrition (SCM) and has been noted as an increasingly common cause of secondary SCM. In this context, it is important to make assessments of the appropriateness of current approaches to treatment of severe malnutrition in HIV positive children. A retrospective matched case-control study of ten HIV positive children admitted to the Tropical Metabolism Research Unit (TMRU) was conducted. There were few differences between cases and matched controls on admission to the ward. Oral candidiasis and lower respiratory tract infections appeared to occur more frequently, and serum globulin concentrations were significantly higher among HIV positive cases when compared to their controls. Despite the fact that the differences between cases and controls appeared to be small, four cases died; there were no deaths among the controls. The duration of the maintenance phase was approximately five days longer (p = 0.024) among cases than controls but the time between the end of the maintenance phase and discharge from the ward was not significantly longer for the cases. The results of this matched case-control study suggest that there are likely to be important differences between HIV positive and negative patients with SCM that influence risk of mortality and morbidity, particularly in the maintenance phase of treatment. Prospective studies will be required in order to explore these differences and to develop better approaches to the care of HIV positive children with SCM


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , HIV Seropositivity/complications , Infant Nutrition Disorders/diet therapy , Infant Nutrition Disorders/etiology , Nutritional Support , Retrospective Studies , Case-Control Studies , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , Jamaica , Logistic Models , Prevalence , Infant Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology
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